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(6−9) Among above processes, fast pyrolysis (FP) is one of the most promising technologies that can rapidly break the chemical bonds among coal/biomass components under a middle temperature (400-700 ☌), high heating rate (>1000 ☌/s), short residence time (RT, <2 s), and rapid quenching to inhibit the secondary reaction for liberating coal tar/bio-oil production with a high yield and low cost. (4,5) Indeed, this driving force has led to intense efforts to develop coal/biomass-based refineries, which, to be competitive, must produce chemicals (coal to chemicals) as well as energy vectors (biomass to syngas) through thermochemical, biochemical, chemical, and hybrid processes. (3) Coal as an abundant resource and biomass as an abundant and renewable resource have been recognized as an increasingly important raw material for sustainable production of both fuels and high-value chemicals. (1,2) Meanwhile, the anticipated long-term decline in fossil fuel reserves coupled with the threats posed by global climate change puts forward urgent requirements for alternative feedstocks to produce renewable liquid fuels and chemical intermediates. The use of petroleum as fuel and raw material for chemical production is increasing continuously, while oil production has been constantly decreasing. Expanding and enhancing knowledge about catalyst utilization and fundamental reaction mechanisms in the thermochemical catalytic conversion technologies of coal and biomass will play an important role in the generation of chemicals and carbon-neutral fuels. Some key points that are to be addressed for the established process of coal and biomass volatile upgrading may include finding multifunctional catalysts and reactor development for improving the efficiency.
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In particular, catalytic upgrading by fast pyrolysis involves a series of reactions, including deoxygenation, cracking, hydrocarbon pool mechanism, aromatization, and condensation, as well as desulfurization and denitrification in the gasification process. Aspects related to upgrading technology, the reactor type of catalytic pyrolysis and gasification, and the reaction mechanisms to specific products during the catalytic process are also discussed comprehensively. Thus, this study provides a comprehensive review of the research and development of conversion of coal and biomass volatiles in terms of technological types and catalysts. The produced syngas can be further synthesized to fuel and chemicals via Fischer–Tropsch synthesis.
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Gasification reforming as a promising process for renewable energy utilization can produce H 2-rich syngas. The catalytic pyrolysis process is a potential approach to improve coal tar/bio-oil quality by minimizing its undesirable properties (high viscosity, corrosivity, instability, etc.) and producing renewable fuels and high-value chemicals, such as aromatics (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, etc.). Coal/biomass valorization is considered an important part to fill up the depletion of modern fossil fuel resources. This paper presents a review of recent research on direct upgrading of coal/biomass volatiles into aromatics by catalytic pyrolysis and syngas by gasification with catalytic steam reforming.